JINR Legends

Engineer-physicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Laureate of the Lenin and USSR State Prizes, author of a number of scientific discoveries, founder of a new direction in nuclear physics — relativistic nuclear physics.

His work is devoted to the theory of the solid state, semiconductor physics, optics, acoustics, quantum mechanics and quantum electronics, nuclear physics, theory of nuclear reactors, quantum field theory, elementary particle physics, philosophical and methodological issues of physics. Based on quantum theory, he explained the phosphorescence of solids and the rectification of electric current at the boundary of two semiconductors.

A prominent scientist in the field of elementary particle physics and thermonuclear fusion. One of the active participants in the implementation of China's nuclear program, one of the creators of Chinese nuclear weapons. Honorary Doctor of Lomonosov Moscow State University. Laureate of the State Prizes of China in natural sciences and for achievements in science and technology. Co-author of the discovery of the "anti-sigma-minus hyperon" made by JINR scientists.

He made fundamental contributions to the development of statistical mechanics of equilibrium and non-equilibrium processes, where he obtained numerous crucial results that have now become classical and bear the name of Bogolyubov. All these methods and the results obtained within their framework have found wide application in condensed matter physics and quantum physics; they form the basis for solving the most important problems of applied mathematical physics.

Under his direct leadership, the first Soviet synchrotron was built in 1947, and in 1957, the most powerful proton accelerator at the time — the 10 GeV synchrophasotron in Dubna.

He was the first in the world to solve the problem of electron-positron pair production from photon-electron collisions. He suggested that pi-mesons could be interpreted as a three-charge state of elementary particles with isospin 1. Additionally, he used isospin algebra to organize the system of elementary particles.

A well-known specialist in the development of equipment and methods for nuclear spectroscopy, the study of radioactive nuclear decay, characteristic nuclear radiation, and neutrino properties in radioactive decay. Awarded the Order of "Cyril and Methodius" of the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Order of Friendship (Russian Federation).

Specialist in the field of computational mathematics and informatics, automation of physical experiments, system and application programming, application of computers in scientific research, computer and multi-machine complex software, initiator of the creation of the JINR local information and computing network.

An outstanding physicist and a major organizer of science, widely known for his research in the field of nuclear physics, elementary particles, physics and technology of high-power accelerators and their practical application.

Works on the general theory of relativity, classical, relativistic, and quantum field theory. Together with M. Born, he constructed (1934) a phenomenological model of classical electrodynamics (Born–Infeld theory). Together with A. Einstein and B. Hoffmann, he derived equations of motion for bodies from the field equations in the general theory of relativity and built a satisfactory theory of gravitating bodies in a gravitational field (Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann theory). Author of the book "The Evolution of Physics" (1938, co-authored with A. Einstein) and a book about E. Galois (1948).

He was a leading specialist in the theory of elementary particles and high-energy physics, founder of a world-renowned school of theoretical physicists. His pioneering research gained wide recognition in quantum field theory in spacetime with "non-commutative geometry", internal symmetry theory, the relativistic two-body problem (well-known in the literature as the "Kadyshevsky equation"), three-dimensional relativistic formulation of quantum field theory, and description of strong and electroweak interactions beyond the Standard Model.

An outstanding Hungarian physicist, a leading specialist in the field of elementary particle and nuclear physics. Main research topics: experimental physics of elementary particles and atomic nuclei, neutrino physics. Held the position of Deputy General Director of the Central Research Institute for Physics, HAS (1979-1989). Conducted scientific work at JINR NP (1960-1963), Niels Bohr Institute, Denmark (1967–1969), CERN (1975–1976). Member of the editorial board of the journal "Physics of Elementary Particles and Atomic Nuclei". Author of the book (co-authored with A.L. Lyubimov) "Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics". Made a significant contribution to the development of JINR. Awarded the Order "Shock Worker of Socialist Labor" (1960), the Gold Order of Labor, HPR (1975), the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, USSR (1979).

Main works are in the field of accelerators, nuclear physics, and elementary particles. Together with D. V. Efremov and A. L. Mintz, he supervised the construction of the first synchrocyclotron in the USSR with an energy up to 680 MeV. His research led to the discovery of resonance effects in nucleon-nucleon interactions and established the dependence of π-meson spectra on the size of irradiated nuclei. A number of works were devoted to the problem of automation of physical research.

Was a member of the JINR Scientific Council (1956–1973). Plenipotentiary Representative of the Bulgarian Government to JINR (1957–1970). His work was mainly devoted to the experimental study of the photoconductive properties of sulfur, electrical properties of dielectrics and semiconductors, and issues of nuclear physics. Nadzhakov was the first to obtain a stable photoelectret state of matter, describing the phenomenon he discovered in monographs published in 1937 and 1938. An active public figure: Member of the World Peace Council, Chairman of the Bulgarian Peace Committee.

Recipient of the Polish State Council Prize for achievements in the application of nuclear energy. Was a member of several scientific councils, member of the JINR Scientific Council. At his proposal, the Department of Nuclear Spectroscopy and Radiochemistry was established in the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems. H. Niewodniczanski's research is devoted to low-energy nuclear physics and atomic spectroscopy. Experimentally proved (1934) the existence of dipole magnetic radiation.

An outstanding physicist of our time, author of fundamental ideas about the universal nature of weak interaction, the difference between electron and muon neutrinos, and neutrino oscillations—a scientist who lived and worked in Dubna for many years. B. Pontecorvo proposed the hypothesis of neutrino oscillations (1957–1958), based on the idea of a deep analogy between the weak interaction of leptons and hadrons, long before the emergence of the quark-lepton Standard Model of electroweak interaction. B. Pontecorvo was the first to point out the importance of weak interaction processes between neutrinos and electrons for stellar evolution. In 1959, B. Pontecorvo published a widely recognized paper "Electron and Muon Neutrinos", in which he showed that neutrinos from accelerators could be detected by large detectors and proposed an experimental scheme to answer the question of whether electron and muon neutrinos are different. For experimental and theoretical research in neutrino physics and weak interactions, B. Pontecorvo was awarded the USSR Lenin Prize in 1963.

A.N. Sisakyan, together with other researchers, developed an effective method of continuum integration, known as the straight-line path approximation, which found wide application in quantum field theory. Also, within the framework of the three-dimensional formalism of quantum field theory, A.N. Sisakyan provided a description of elementary processes involving large momentum transfers. These studies made it possible to predict a number of new effects arising from the multiple production of new particles. The works of A.N. Sisakyan and his group are also known for developing methods in quantum field theory that go beyond perturbation theory. These works were stimulated by the study of elementary processes with very high multiplicity. He organized and headed the JINR project to create the NICA heavy-ion collider.

Honorary Doctor of JINR, co-author of the discovery "Regularity of Elastic Scattering of Hadrons at Large Angles at High Energies — the Matveev–Muradyan–Tavkhelidze Quark Counting Rule", No. 343 (USSR, 1973). He is one of the world's leading specialists in the field of quantum field theory, elementary particle theory, quark theory, and chromodynamics.

He developed methods for producing and accelerating multiply charged heavy ions, created sources of such ions, improved the heavy-ion accelerator, and developed physicochemical methods for rapid separation of unknown reaction products and their identification, particularly by spontaneous fission. Together with his colleagues, he synthesized a number of new isotopes of trans-fermium elements with atomic numbers 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, and 107, studying their physical and chemical properties.

In 1934, P.A. Cherenkov discovered that charged particles, passing through water at very high speeds, emit light. I.M. Frank and I.E. Tamm gave a theoretical description of this effect, which occurs when particles move through a medium at speeds exceeding the phase velocity of light in that medium. This discovery led to the creation of a new method for detecting and measuring the speed of high-energy nuclear particles. This method is of immense importance in modern experimental nuclear physics.

His works are devoted to optical, X-ray, and gamma spectroscopy, nuclear physics, and elementary particle physics. For many years, he was a member of the JINR Scientific Council. As the Plenipotentiary Representative of the Romanian Government to JINR, he made a significant contribution to the development of cooperation between Romanian and Dubna scientists. In his homeland, H. Hulubei was a member of parliament, science advisor to the President of Romania, and head of the National Council for Science and Technology. He left behind a school of nuclear physics.

Ș. Titeica's dissertation "The Change in Electrical Resistance of Metals in Magnetic Fields", published in "Annalen der Physik" in 1935, contained a quantum-theoretical explanation of the experimental data obtained by Pyotr Kapitsa in strong magnetic fields in 1929. It was he who first suggested the quantization of electron motion in a magnetic field. This work became a precursor to the modern theory of hopping conductivity.

Member of several academies and scientific societies. Was a member of the first JINR Scientific Council. Plenipotentiary Representative of the Hungarian Government to JINR (1958-1959). Made a significant contribution to the development of JINR and its international connections. Founder of the Hungarian school of modern nuclear physics. Together with G. Rochester, he discovered penetrating showers in cosmic rays (1940). Proposed the mechanism of meson production in cosmic rays — multiple production (1943). Explained the mechanism of meson production by a nucleus.