This report presents a comprehensive study on defect structures in the BiVO₄ photocatalytic material after P⁺ ion implantation from an accelerator. This case study achieved two significant breakthroughs: first successful application of depth-dependent electron momentum distribution analysis, and simultaneous combination of variable-energy positron measurements with two-component density functional theory (TCDFT) calculations.

The methodology developed in this study has since been applied to additional research projects involving various materials, including nuclear materials, radiation-damaged structures, and functional nanomaterials, highlighting its applicability beyond the initial case study. This dual approach enables detailed investigation of defect types, densities, and spatial distributions with high sensitivity, providing comprehensive insights into material modification at the atomic scale.